8105-6 -- Bella and Ornate Moth -- Utetheisa ornatrix [bella]
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Two species were described by Linnaeus in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae (1758), at the very beginning of binomial nomenclature. To Linnaeus the Ornate Moth was Phalaena [Noctua] ornatrix (species 80 in his list of moths) while the Bella Moth was species 237 and known as Phalaena [Tinea] bella. Later workers greatly expanded the number of families and genera of moths and, in 1819, Hübner erected the genus Utetheisa for these species. When the Hodges checklist was published in 1983 the two species were still considered to be distinct. Since then, however, biologists have come to recognize just one species with different forms in the northern and southern portions of its range. So, whether you use the common name Bella Moth or Ornate Moth, both are Utetheisa ornatrix. This is the oldest name and has priority over U. bella because it was the first name published. The form ornatrix is generally tropical, found in southern Florida, southern Texas, and southward.
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Tom Murray usually photographs moths in New England and he has found "typical" bella there. He found a fairly typical ornatrix at McAllen, in the southern Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Paula Kennedy encountered ornatrix near Galveston, Texas. So far we have no photos of this form from southern Florida. Alan Chin-Lee might be just a little too far north to encounter it at Gainesville, FL.
Within forms there can be considerable variation in appearance. Colors can range from yellow or orange through pink or red, or the markings other than black can be largely absent. Giff Beaton provides us with three varieties from southeastern Georgia. Giff's lightly marked yellowish moth is matched by Lois Stacey's lightly marked pinkish variant from South Carolina.
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Larvae, Pupae and Host Plants
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Alan's caterpillar seems to match the photo of a bella in Dave Wagner's field guide. Machele White's cats (about 65 miles south of Alan) look a bit different. They are shown here with their favorite food, seedpods of the Rattlebox Plant, Crotalaria mucronata. Normally they spend their time inside the seedpods eating the seeds (from which they acquire defensive chemicals which is the subject of the research of Tom Eisner and his colleagues -- see references). The caterpillars perform a final molt as they become prepupae. The shed skin can be seen beside the cat as well as beside the pupa that it became. The pupal skin or case darkens with age, taking on a varnished appearance.
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These range maps illustrate the distribution of three species of Crotalaria in North America. C. sagittalis and C. spectabilis are both introduced species. There are a half-dozen species that mimic approximately the range of C. purshii, and five of these are also introduced, invasive, weed species. These maps are reproduced from the United States Department of Agriculture's Plants Database website.
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Crotalaria spectabilis, Showy Rattlebox
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Crotalaria sagittalis, Arrowhead Rattlebox
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Crotalaria purshii, Pursh's Rattlebox
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Variation within the Utetheisa ornatrix complex
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Other Utetheisa spp. Around the Globe
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Brown and White Utetheisas
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References
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Covell Field Guide p.63; Pl. 15(12) (as Bella Moth, Utetheisa bella, secondary mention of Ornate Moth)
Wagner's Caterpillars of Eastern North America p.478 (as Bella Moth, Utetheisa bella)
Research Papers by Thomas Eisner and Colleagues:
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Eisner, Thomas
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For Love of Insects
Masterfully written by an eminent scientist, it is easy reading for anyone who loves detective stories about insects, and the mysteries of their chemistry and biology.
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Belknap Press
2003, 0-674-01181-3
$35.00, [amazon]
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Florida Featured Creatures Fact Sheet
USGS Distribution Map U. ornatrix
/bella combined
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